http://apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=11&article=967
Hermeneutical Principles in the Old Testament
One
of the attributes of God is His rational nature. God is inherently
logical, rational, and reasonable. He is a God of truth. He created
humans in His own image, which includes this same rational nature. The
human mind was created by God to function rationally. God’s
communication to humanity presupposes this feature. The Bible was
written in human language, and it was written in such a way that it
assumes that its intended meanings may be understood correctly. In fact,
within the Bible itself, beginning in the Old Testament, are found the
hermeneutical principles by which the reader may understand the intended
meanings.
This article summarizes six key principles apparent in the Old
Testament that are indispensable to correct hermeneutical procedure.
Many Bible passages demand that the reader of the Bible apply
simple-but-necessary principles of interpretation in order to arrive at
the meaning God intended.
PRINCIPLE 1: ABSOLUTE TRUTH IS ATTAINABLE
Absolute, objective truth exists and can be known. The human mind can
come to knowledge of that truth. Many theologians today are maintaining
that truth is subjective and relative. The “new hermeneutic” people
claim that a circle is set up between interpreter and text, each
interpreting the other in an ongoing process, with the interpreter’s
presuppositions determining the meanings the interpreter draws from the
text. But, as usual, man’s complex theories are ridiculous in view of
the simple, straightforward statements of Scripture. The Old Testament
everywhere assumes that humans can and must come to the knowledge of
absolute truth.
Solomon said to “buy the truth, and do not sell it, also wisdom and instruction and understanding” (Proverbs 23:23, NKJV).
Both Isaiah and Jeremiah affirmed that people can, and must, be taught
in order to come to knowledge of those things that must be known (Isaiah
54:13; Jeremiah 31:34; cf. John 6:45; 7:17). Moses already had stressed
to the Israelites that it would be absolutely imperative for them to
teach their children those things that would be necessary to please God
(Deuteronomy 6:1-9). Were the children capable of comprehending and
coming to knowledge? Moses also explained that the purpose of the desert
hardships was to make the Israelites “know that man shall not live by
bread alone; but man lives by every word that proceeds from the mouth of
the Lord” (Deuteronomy 8:3). If all of life is to be governed by the
words that proceed from God, humans are capable of assimilating those
words and coming to a correct understanding of what is required of them.
Moses further pointed out that “the secret things belong to the Lord
our God, but those things which are revealed belong to us and to our
children forever, that we may do all the words of this law” (Deuteronomy
29:29). Certainly, there are many things that humans cannot know—things
far beyond our limited capability to understand (Romans 11:33).
However, God has revealed certain truths that we are well capable of
grasping, and that God expects us to comprehend. These truths “belong”
to us, i.e., they are directed to us, and we will be held accountable
for our reaction to them. Far too many people dwell on peripheral
matters that cannot be fully known, while they neglect those things for
which they will be held responsible in eternity. No wonder God
frequently issued warnings against being ignorant, uninformed, or
resistant to knowing (Isaiah 1:3; 5:13; Jeremiah 9:6; Hosea 4:6).
Solomon observed that the words of God’s wisdom “are all plain to him
who understands, and right to those who find knowledge” (Proverbs 8:9).
His wisdom claims that “those who seek me diligently will find me”
(Proverbs 8:17). Could Adam and Eve
know whether it was permissible for them to consume the fruit (Genesis 3:1-3)? Could Cain
know what sacrifice God expected (Genesis 4:5)? Could Moses
know
whether he should speak to or strike the rock (Numbers 20:8-11)? These
instances demonstrate that the perennial problem with humanity is not
the ability to come to knowledge of God’s Word; rather, the consistent
problem is the will and the desire to conform. Many other passages leave
no doubt that God has a body of truth that He has made available to
mankind, and He expects every person to use mental faculties and
cognitive powers to understand that truth.
PRINCIPLE 2: LOGICAL REASONING IS REQUIRED
The Old Testament also conveys the idea that in order to arrive at
God’s truth, correct reasoning must be employed. Isaiah quoted God’s
statement to the nation: “Come now, and let us reason together” (1:18).
God later said: “Put Me in remembrance; let us contend together; state
your case, that you may be acquitted” (43:26). In his farewell address
to the nation, Samuel declared: “Now therefore, stand still, that I may
reason with you before the Lord” (1 Samuel 12:7). Solomon insisted that
“[t]he first one to plead his cause seems right, until his neighbor
comes and examines him” (Proverbs 18:17). He also said, “the simple
believes every word, but the prudent man considers well his steps”
(Proverbs 14:15). This investigative, cautious, perceptive spirit
necessitates an analytical approach to life. We must use our God-given
rationality to think clearly, accurately, and logically in our treatment
of Scripture, as well as in sorting out the daily affairs of life.
These passages teach that we both can, and must, ascertain the correct
meaning of Scripture through the proper exercise of our reasoning
powers.
PRINCIPLE 3: DILIGENT EFFORT MUST BE EXPENDED
The task of learning what God wants us to know requires considerable
effort. We must be willing to expend the time and trouble to carefully,
prayerfully, and diligently analyze and examine God’s words. Moses
underscored this principle in his remarks to the Israelites on the
plains of Moab just prior to their entrance into the Land of Canaan. He
described the task as requiring constant, consistent attention:
And these words which I command you today shall be in your heart; you
shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them
when you sit in your house, when you walk by the way, when you lie down,
and when you rise up. You shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and
they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. You shall write them on
the doorposts of your house and on your gates (Deuteronomy 6:6-9).
Solomon referred to the attentiveness required to remain true to God:
“My son, keep your father's command, and do not forsake the law of your
mother. Bind them continually upon your heart; tie them around your
neck. When you roam, they will lead you; when you sleep, they will keep
you; and when you awake, they will speak with you” (Proverbs 6:20-22).
This attentiveness must include an intense desire to pursue, know, and
acquire truth—like the psalmist who wanted God’s laws so badly that he
could almost taste them (Psalm 19:10). It was to be sought after more
than fine gold (Psalm 19:10; 119:127). Most are simply too busy, or
unwilling, to expend effort to such an intensity. Life has too many
distractions, and offers too many other interests. But the Bible makes
clear that if we wish to understand God’s will for our lives, arduous,
persistent, aggressive effort is essential to ascertain that will.
PRINCIPLE 4: BE AWARE OF FALSE INTERPRETATION
A fourth hermeneutical principle found in the Bible is that we must
recognize that there are incorrect interpretations and that we are
capable of distinguishing the correct from the incorrect. False teachers
actually do exist who misrepresent God’s Word and deceive people with
incorrect interpretations. God, through Jeremiah, warned the nation: “Do
not listen to the words of the prophets who prophesy to you. They make
you worthless; they speak a vision of their own heart, not from the
mouth of the Lord” (Jeremiah 23:16). Think of the many con men and
shysters throughout Bible history who sought to lead God’s people
astray—from Pharaoh’s magicians (Exodus 7:11; 2 Timothy 3:8) and Ahab
and Jezebel’s prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18:19), to Zedekiah (1 Kings
22:11,24) and Hananiah (Jeremiah 28). God expected people to see through
their charades and their erroneous ideologies, and to recognize the
pure Word of God.
So it is clear that the Old Testament warns of false interpretations
and misrepresentations of God’s Word. In God’s sight, there is only the
truth on the one hand, and various departures from that truth on the
other hand. All people are required to distinguish between truth and
error, and to cling to the truth. “To the law and to the testimony! If
they do not speak according to this word, it is because there is no
light in them” (Isaiah 8:20).
PRINCIPLE 5: REMAIN WITHIN SCRIPTURAL PARAMETERS
The Bible also teaches that the interpreter must remain within the
framework of Scripture, neither adding to nor subtracting from the
written revelation. Moses declared in the long ago: “You shall not add
to the word which I command you, neither shall you diminish ought from
it, that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God which I
command you” (Deuteronomy 4:2; 12:32). Solomon said: “Every word of God
is pure...add not to His words, least He reprove you, and you be found a
liar” (Proverbs 30:5-6). Jeremiah urged: “Stand in the ways and see,
and ask for the old paths, where the good way is, and walk in it”
(Jeremiah 6:16). In other words, the individual is responsible for
identifying the limits of God’s directives, and then confining himself
to those directives. These passages make clear that God has defined the
parameters of moral, spiritual, and religious truth for humanity. He
expects us to confine ourselves to His instructions in our thinking and
practice.
The Old Testament is riddled with instances of people failing to
conform themselves precisely to the instructions given to them by God.
Cain was neither an atheist nor a reprobate. He, in fact, was a
religious individual who was willing to engage in religious worship. He
was also to be commended for directing his worship behavior toward the
right God. Nevertheless, his slight adjustment in the specifics of
worship action evoked God’s displeasure (Genesis 4:5; 1 John 3:12).
Nadab and Abihu were the right boys, at the right time, at the right
place, with the right censers, and the right incense. Yet by using the
wrong fire, they were summarily executed by God (Leviticus 10:1-2). King
Saul was censured twice for his unauthorized actions (1 Samuel
13:11-13; 15:19-24). Uzzah was struck dead simply for touching the Ark
of the Covenant, though his apparent motive was to protect the Ark (2
Samuel 6:7). David later identified the problem as “because we did not
consult Him about the proper order” (1 Chronicles 15:13). God’s previous
instructions on the matter were not followed as they should have been.
Remaining within the framework of Scripture requires a proper
recognition of the role of the “silence” of the Scriptures. A
misunderstanding occurs in two ways: (1) some reason that if the Bible
is silent concerning a particular practice (and therefore does not
explicitly condemn it), they are free to engage in that practice; (2)
others reason that if the Bible does not mention a practice, then they
are not free to engage in that practice. But neither of these viewpoints
accounts adequately for the biblical picture.
The Bible may not expressly mention a given item, and yet authorize its
use. For example, Noah was told to construct a boat, without being
given all of the details about how to do so (Genesis 6:14). He was
authorized to achieve the task using a variety of carpentry tools. God’s
silence on this particular point therefore was
permissive. On
the other hand, God did not explicitly forbid using poplar, cedar, or
ash. Rather, He specified “gopherwood.” God’s silence was therefore
restrictive in this case.
Two further examples illustrate this principle. God did not explicitly
forbid Nadab and Abihu from using fire from some other source than the
one divinely specified. He simply told them what fire they were to use.
Use of fire from any other source was an
unauthorized act, i.e., it had not received God’s prior approval. The text says that they “offered profane fire before the Lord,
which He had not commanded them” (Leviticus 10:1). It was not that God had told them
not to do so; it was that He had not told them
to do it.
In like manner, when Joshua received instructions from God regarding
the proper tactics to be used in conquering the city of Jericho, God
spoke in a
positive fashion, specifying what they were to
do. He did not tell them what they were
not
to do. The instructions included the act of shouting when the trumpet
was sounded (Joshua 6:3-5). However, Joshua—who obviously understood the
principle of remaining within the confines of God’s instructions, and
grasped the hermeneutical concept of restrictive silence—relayed God’s
instructions to the nation by offering further clarification: “Now
Joshua had commanded the people, saying, “You shall not shout or make
any noise with your voice, nor shall a word proceed out of your mouth,
until the day I say to you, ‘Shout!’ Then you shall shout” (Joshua
6:10-11). Joshua understood that things could be forbidden by God—not
because He explicitly forbade them—but because He simply gave no
authority to do them. With diligent and honest study, we, too, can
settle every question of interpretation and authority.
PRINCIPLE 6: MAINTAIN A RECEPTIVE ATTITUDE
That brings us to a sixth principle for understanding the Bible. We
must have the right mindset, the right attitude, a genuine desire to
know the will of God, and an honest heart to accept the truth, no matter
how difficult the demands of that truth might be. Solomon noted that “a
wise man will hear and increase learning, and a man of understanding
will attain wise counsel” (Proverbs 1:5). “Give instruction to a wise
man, and he will be still wiser; teach a just man, and he will increase
in learning” (Proverbs 9:9). These passages make clear that we cannot go
to Scripture with the ulterior motive of getting our way or proving our
position. We must be eager to learn from Scripture what the Lord
intended for us to learn. We must not be like Jeremiah’s contemporaries
who defiantly asserted: “We will not walk therein” and “We will not
listen” (6:16-17).
This extremely brief discussion of hermeneutical principles that are
evident in the Old Testament is certainly not intended to be complete.
But it shows how the Old Testament contains within itself principles by
which its truth may be extracted. All accountable humans have it within
their power to transcend their prejudices and presuppositions
sufficiently to arrive at God’s truth—if they genuinely wish to do so.
There is simply no such thing as “my interpretation” and “your
interpretation.” There is only God’s interpretation and God’s
meaning—and with diligent, rational study, we can arrive at the truth on
any subject that is vital to our spiritual well-being.
Rather than shrug off the conflicting views and positions on various
subjects (like baptism, music in worship, miracles, how many churches
may exist with God’s approval, etc.), and rather than dismiss religious
differences as hopeless, irresolvable, and irrelevant, we must be about
the business of studying and searching God’s Book, cautiously refraining
from misinterpreting and misusing Scripture. If we will give diligent
and careful attention to the task with an honest heart that is receptive
to the truth, we can be certain of our ability to come to the knowledge
of God’s will. The Old Testament is an appropriate place to commence
this quest.
I
am an attorney. I make a living studying the law, applying the law, and
helping my clients navigate the murky waters of the legal profession.
Over the years practicing as an attorney, I have come across cases,
legal maxims, rules of law, statutes, and experiences that remind me of
subtle lessons that God has long ago passed on to us through His holy
Word. It simply reminds me of the great wisdom and superiority of God
and His ways. One of these lessons was impressed upon me at a recent
hearing.
Q.
